Chemiosmosis

In both cyclic and non-cycle phosphorylation electron transport chain pumps protons (H+) across the membrane into thylakoids space. The energy used for the pumping comes from the electrons moving through the electron transport chain. Next the hydrogen ions move down their gradient through special complex called ATP syntheses, which are built in the theylakoid during this diffusion of electrons the energy of electrons is used to make ATP.

Dark or Light Independent Reaction

This reaction does not require light directly and can occur in the presence as well as absence of light provided ATP and NADPH are present.

In this pathway a number of cyclic events take place. Calvin used radioactive carbon c14 to prepare c14o2. The Calvin cycle can be divided into three phases: Carbon fixation, Reduction and Regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RuBP).